Armyworm Control

Abstract

An account is given of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walk.), as a noctuid pest of agriculture, and of the recent research into its biology and control in East Africa. Salient features in its biology and zoogeography are discussed, from the standpoint of the way in which they determine control methods and strategy. Special attention is given to the forecasting of outbreaks. Comparative reference is made to forecasting systems and techniques as practised in other countries and with different insects.     

上海地区棉铃炭疽病的流行规律

对棉铃炭疽病在上海地区的发生和流行作了系统观察,结果表明此病始发于8月下旬,主要发生在9月份,有些年份可延长至10月上旬。棉铃龄期与病害发生有关,40～60天的棉铃发病比率相对较高,病害主要发生在中下部棉铃上。影响病害发生的气候因素分析表明,降雨量是影响炭疽病发生的主要因素,在病害流行阶段,雨量多的年份病害发生往往严重。     

棉田棉蚜自然种群生命表

采用分代隔离观测等方法，研究了棉蚜自然种群特定年龄生命表，共获得５个世代数据。分析结果表明，影响棉蚜自然种群波动的主要因素是气候条件和天敌     

Nitrogen Fixation,Ureide, and Nitrate Accumulation Responses to Soybean Aphid Injury in Glycine max

There is little information available about soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) effects on the physiology and mineral nutrition of soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.). Controlled-environment studies were conducted to measure soybean aphid infestation effects on dry weight, nitrogen (N) fixation, ureide-N, and nitrate-N concentration and accumulation. Plants grown in perlite using –N nutrient solution culture were infested at the 3rd trifoliolate (V3) stage and measured for N fixation, nodule characteristics, and ureide-N concentration at the full pod (R4) stage. When compared to uninfested control plants, aphid infestation reduced total nodule volume per plant by 34%, nodule leghemoglobin per plant by 31%, plant N fixation rate by 80% and shoot ureide-N concentration by 20%. Soil-grown plants were infested at the first trifoliolate (V1) stage and shoots were measured for dry weight, nitrate-N, and ureide-N at the full bloom (R2) stage. Infestation reduced shoot dry weight by 63%, increased nitrate-N concentration by 75%, but did not significantly affect ureide-N concentration. Because nutrient concentration is a single-point measurement that results from the integration of two dynamic processes, nutrient accumulation and dry matter production, we conclude that aphid-induced reductions in N fixation, coupled with decreased dry weight accumulation, caused shoot ureide-N concentration to remain unchanged in aphid-injured plants when compared to uninfested plants. Because nitrate-N concentration was greater in aphid-damaged shoot tissue, we further conclude that nitrate-N accumulation was less sensitive to aphid injury than dry weight accumulation.     

5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜室内毒力及田间防效

为了明确5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜的适宜施药剂量,开展了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1%甲维盐EC对枸杞棉蚜的毒力最高,50%噻虫嗪WG毒力最低,24 h LC50分别为2.44 mg/L和1 875.69 mg/L。5种药剂毒力大小依次为甲维盐＞啶虫脒＞吡蚜酮＞呋虫胺＞噻虫嗪。田间试验结果表明,随着施药时间的延长,5种药剂不同剂量处理的虫口数量均显著下降,施药后7 d,各处理对枸杞棉蚜防效分别达94.13%~99.84%,且各剂量处理均对枸杞树安全。5种药剂推荐使用剂量分别为:5%啶虫脒EC 25.0 mg/L以上,30%呋虫胺SC 50.0~100.0 mg/L,50%噻虫嗪WG 100.0~125.0 mg/L,25%吡蚜酮WP 83.3~125.0 mg/L,1%甲维盐EC 5.6~8.3 mg/L。     

棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状及其治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是棉花生产中最严重的害虫之一。长期以来防治棉蚜主要依赖于化学杀虫剂,其中新烟碱类杀虫剂扮演着十分重要的角色,但由于其长期、大量的使用,棉蚜已对该类杀虫剂产生了较高水平的抗性,严重影响了对棉蚜的防治效果。抗性机制研究表明,棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的机制主要涉及解毒代谢能力增强和靶标敏感性下降。细胞色素P450、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、UDP-葡糖基转移酶等解毒酶基因过量表达介导的解毒代谢增强和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体β1亚基突变引起的靶标敏感性下降是棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的关键。针对我国棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂抗性问题突出的现状,为更好地利用该类药剂防治棉蚜,亟需根据棉蚜抗性机制制定合理的抗性治理策略。本文将从棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状、抗性机制以及抗性治理策略等方面进行综述,以期为抗性棉蚜的科学治理提供参考。     

弗雷生蚜霉菌侵染发病过程的观察

本文报道弗雷生蚜霉菌侵染蚜虫发病过程的主要阶段及其特征。从传播接触、萌发侵入、潜育到症状表现,在20～30℃下,历期一般为3～5天。     

胡椒花叶病传播途径的研究

胡椒花叶病是我国胡椒的一种严重传染性病害。试验表明:土壤、种子均不传病,病组织汁液摩擦接种也不传病,人工嫁接可传病,但胡椒栽培一般不采用嫁接,因而不是传病的途径。通过对海南儋县胡椒园一种常见的棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)进行传毒试验,获得成功,证明棉蚜是我国胡椒花叶病的传毒介体之一。带病的插条(种苗)也是该病的主要传播途径。     

3种喷雾助剂对呋虫胺防治苹果黄蚜的增效作用

采用室内毒力测定、助剂润湿铺展性能和田间效果评价研究了3种功能助剂NF-100、GY-T1602和迈道对呋虫胺防治苹果黄蚜的减施增效作用。结果表明,NF-100、GY-T1602和迈道3种助剂均未能提高呋虫胺对苹果黄蚜的毒力;20%呋虫胺SG 1 110～5 000倍液中分别添加0.1%NF-100、0.5%GY-T1602和0.3%迈道,表面张力降低6.97～37.44 mN/m、静态接触角降低10.58°～48.67°、黏附张力增加2.32～21.71 mN/m; 20%呋虫胺SG(有效成分用量32 mg/kg)减量处理添加3种助剂药后3～15 d对苹果黄蚜田间防效达90.83%～99.33%,其中添加NF-100和GY-T1602药后15 d防效均显著高于添加迈道处理及20%呋虫胺SG(40 mg/kg)未减量处理。因此,喷雾助剂NF-100和GY-T1602可显著改善呋虫胺药液的润湿铺展性能,减少呋虫胺有效成分用量20%,对苹果黄蚜仍有较高防效、且持效期延长。